ABSTRACT
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a ubiquitous gaseous signaling molecule that has an important role in many physiological and pathological processes in mammalian tissues, with the same importance as two others endogenous gasotransmitters such as NO (nitric oxide) and CO (carbon monoxide). Endogenous H2S is involved in a broad gamut of processes in mammalian tissues including inflammation, vascular tone, hypertension, gastric mucosal integrity, neuromodulation, and defense mechanisms against viral infections as well as SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results suggest that the modulation of H2S levels has a potential therapeutic value. Consequently, synthetic H2S-releasing agents represent not only important research tools, but also potent therapeutic agents. This review has been designed in order to summarize the currently available H2S donors; furthermore, herein we discuss their preparation, the H2S-releasing mechanisms, and their -biological applications.
Subject(s)
Drug Discovery , Gasotransmitters/pharmacology , Hydrogen Sulfide/pharmacology , Animals , Benzenesulfonates/administration & dosage , Benzenesulfonates/metabolism , Benzenesulfonates/pharmacology , Benzenesulfonates/therapeutic use , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Gasotransmitters/administration & dosage , Gasotransmitters/metabolism , Gasotransmitters/therapeutic use , Humans , Hydrogen Sulfide/administration & dosage , Hydrogen Sulfide/metabolism , Hydrogen Sulfide/therapeutic use , Morpholines/administration & dosage , Morpholines/metabolism , Morpholines/pharmacology , Morpholines/therapeutic use , Naproxen/administration & dosage , Naproxen/analogs & derivatives , Naproxen/metabolism , Naproxen/pharmacology , Naproxen/therapeutic use , Organothiophosphorus Compounds/administration & dosage , Organothiophosphorus Compounds/metabolism , Organothiophosphorus Compounds/pharmacology , Organothiophosphorus Compounds/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Our surrounding environment, especially often-touched contaminated surfaces, plays an important role in the transmission of pathogens in society. The shortage of effective sanitizing fluids, however, became a global challenge quickly after the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) outbreak in December 2019. In this study, we present the effect of surfactants on coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) virucidal efficiency in sanitizing fluids. Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), sodium laureth sulfate (SLS), and two commercial dish soap and liquid hand soap were studied with the goal of evaporation rate reduction in sanitizing liquids to maximize surface contact time. Twelve fluids with different recipes composed of ethanol, isopropanol, SDBS, SLS, glycerin, and water of standardized hardness (WSH) were tested for their evaporation time and virucidal efficiency. Evaporation time increased by 17-63% when surfactant agents were added to the liquid. In addition, surfactant incorporation enhanced the virucidal efficiency between 15 and 27% according to the 4-field test in the EN 16615:2015 European Standard method. Most importantly, however, we found that surfactant addition provides a synergistic effect with alcohols to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This study provides a simple, yet effective solution to improve the virucidal efficiency of commonly used sanitizers.